Primates, Plants, and Parasites: the Evolution of Animal Self-medication and Ethnomedicine

Contents 1. Introduction 2. Animal self-medication and ethnomedicine 3. The impact of parasites on the evolution of self-medicative behavior 4. Food as medicine in animals and humans 5. Use of plants as medicine by chimpanzees in the wild 5.1. Whole leaf swallowing and the physical expulsion of parasite 5.2. Vernonia amygdalina and bitter pith chewing behavior 5.3. The ethnomedicine and phytochemistry of bitter pith chewing 6. A link between animal self-medication and ethnomedicine 7. Tongwe ethnozoology and health care 8. Future studies and directions of research Acknowledgments Glossary Bibliography Biographical Sketches